Russia’s unprovoked war of aggression against Ukraine has resulted in massive internal and external population displacement. The European Union (EU) rapidly activated its Temporary Protection Directive for the first time since it was adopted in 2001. This entitled nearly 4 million people to legal residence and access to work, housing and legal assistance, education and healthcare. The invasion triggered a tremendous wave of support and solidarity from governments, local authorities and society. It revealed how the EU and its Member States could effectively and respectfully manage a large and sudden influx of people. This focus looks at the fundamental rights impact of the war in the EU. It shines a light on the specific needs of women and girls, the largest proportion of those who fled, and of marginalised groups, such as Roma. Services also need to include support for those who have experienced sexual violence and exploitation. The focus also examines general challenges that need addressing.